I don’t know of a way to do exactly what you want without custom coding.
With custom coding, you would want to ideally create a new plugin which uses an existing hook, probably Templates::Article::Article::ArticleCoverImage. We did something similar for allowing the Plum Analytics metrics widget to be positioned on the article page:
Alternately, you could directly modify the file https://github.com/pkp/ojs/blob/ojs-dev-2_4/templates/article/article.tpl . Beware of local changes like this in future upgrades, however.
Finally, since I believe the Google Adsense code is just a snippet of HTML, you could place an arbitrary bit of HTML on your page via the Custom Block plugin. I don’t think positioning immediately above the article title is available by default, but see something like the instructions here: