I found this thread from years ago (DB Error: Unknown column 'Array' in 'field list' - #7 by franciscosatiro) that looks like it’s similar to the issue I’m running into right now with the database. The solution you gave was figuring out which value should’ve been a string rather than an array. In the stack trace above, #0 shows that it’s preparing ('select locale...', Array) in a similar fashion. There’s also the solution the user found that was a reference to a setting that should’ve been deleted after the upgrade was finished.
Would either of those be worth looking into regarding the problem I’ve created?